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at  do  haut  an  baa,  an  prenant  l«  nombre 
d'lmtigas  n^cessaira.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

sj. 


^o.    3 


NOXIOUS  WEEDS 


AND 


HOW  TO  DESTROY  THEM 


DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRICULTURE 
AND  IMMIGRATION 


WINNIPEG,  MAN. 

1897 

Datid  Philip,  Qobbn's  Printbe. 


'■V  . 


\ 


KTo.    3 


NOXIOUS  WEEDS 


AND  — 


HOW  TO  DESTROY  THEM 


DEPARTMENT    OF    AGRICULTURE 
AND  IMMIGRATION 


WINNIPEG,  MAN. 

1897 

UAVII)   PnaiP,   QUEEN'S  PUINTMK. 


NOXIOUS  WEEDS  OF  MANITOBA, 


earn 
ed  a! 
may 

ducti 


Among-  the  many  problems  facing  the  farmers  of  this  Province  one 
of  the  most  important  is  the  ever  increasing  spread  of  noxious  weeds. 

Daring  the  past  three  yearn  the  Department  of  Agriculture  has  given 
increasing  attention  to  this  question,  and  has  embodied  much  of  the  in- 
formation obtained,  and  conclusions  based  on  the  same,  in  three  former 
publications. 

The  first  Bulletin  Issued  in  1894,  consisting  of  three  pri.-^e  essays  deal- 
ing specially  with  seven  of  the  most  troublesome  weeds,  proved  very 
acceptable.  In  1895  a  special  pamphlet  was  devoted  to  "Tumbling 
Mustard,"  and  "  Hare's  Ear  Mustard."  Last  year,  1896,  the  Bulletin  dealt 
aomewhat  fully  with  the  whole  subject,  and  gave  a  great  amount  of  in- 
formation, which  has  proved  of  real  value  to  the  farmers  of  the  Province. 
The  past  season  must  have  convinced  many  who  have  heretofore  been 
slow  to  loarn,  that  the  battle  with  weeds  is  alter  all  a  serious  matter.  The 
season  was  peculiarly  favorable  to  a  luxuriant  growth,  much  grain  was 
badly  sown  very  late,  and  the  result  was  largely  a  victory  for  the  weeds. 
This  has  had  the  effect  of  greatly  arousing  the  interest  of  farmers,  and 
there  has  been  much  enquiry  relative  to  the  character  of  different  weeds 
and  weedy  plants,  and  the  best  means  of  destroying  them.  Through  the 
kindness  of  the  Dominion  Minister  of  Agriculture,  the  Province  has  again 
had  the  advantage  of  a  visit  from  Dr.  Jas.  Fletcher  of  the  Central  Experi- 
mental Farm,  who  is  well  know  as  an  authoriry  on  agricultural  sui  jects. 
Many  meetings  were  held  in  different  parts  of  the  Province,  at  which  he 
expressed  himself  as  greatly  pleased  with  the  efforts  of  this  Department 
in  che  matter  of  the  eradication  of  weeds.  He  also  spoke  in  very  high  terms 
of  the  Bulletin  of  189(i,  saying  that  "For  use  in  Manitoba  there  is  not  a 
single  publication  which  has  appeared  in  any  language,  which  can  com- 
pare with  this  pamphlet."  Of  this  Bulletin  over  12,000  copies  have  been 
distributed  to  farmers,  teachers  and  others  in  the  Province,  and  as  a  second 
edition  is  required  for  distribution  this  year,  a  few  changes  have  been 
made  in  the  same,  and  some  extra  pages  added,  to  include  a  description  of 
some  special  weeds  that  appeared  for  tlie  first  time  in  several  pariB  of  the 
Province,  during  the  past  year.     The  result  is  the  present  pamplil(;t. 


Nc 


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real 


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soil. 


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per 

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ena 
the 


Importance  of  thk  Subject. 

Perhaps  no  moi  e  coerent  argument  can   be  adduced  for  the  need  or 
earnest,  systematic,  and  united  action,  than  the  great  financial  loss  sustain- 
ed annually  by  the  farmers  of  the  Province  through  noxious  weeds.     It 
may  be  stated  under  the  following  heads  : — 

1.  The  impoverishment  of  land,   and  a  consequent  reduction  in  pro- 
ductive power  tor  the  future. 

2.  Loss  in  land  values. 

i\.  Weeds  greatly  reduce  actual  yield. 

4.  Cost  of  eradication. 

5.  They  add  largely  to  labor  and   cost  of  harvesting  and  marketing. 
t>.  They  cost  as  much  to  thresh  as  the  same  measure  of  good  grain. 

7.  Loss  of  dockage  at  elevators,  and  freight  on  dirt. 

8.  Manv  crops  are  altogether  lost  through  being  cut  down  under  the 
"  Noxious  Weeds  Act.  " 

9.  The   cost  of  statute   labor   and    payment   of  municipal  officers  in 
carrying  out  the  Act. 

10.  Shrinkage  in  values  of  dairy  products. 

11.  Damage  to  machinery  and  stock. 

All  engaged  in  agriculture  are  aware   of  these  losses,  but  few  seem  to 
realize  what  they  mean  in  actual  cash. 


Weeds  and  pheik  Ohujin. 

Weeds  are  often  tersely  defined  by  farmers  as  dirt.  It  is  a  good 
definition,  for  din  is  matter  out  of  place,  and  weeds  are  ants  in  the 
wrong  place  ;  namely,  wlierethey  may  do  harm. 

They  are  directly  hurtful  to  crops  by  taking  nourishment  from  the 
soil,  and  moisture  and  light  from  the  crop. 

Indirectly  they  involve  loss  in  the  various  ways  already  indicated. 

Their  seeds  are  found  in  all  soils,  and  experiments  have  bf  en  made 
which  show  that  ordinary  garden  soil  contains  1,300,000  such  seeds  to  the 
acre. 

Ordinary  manure,  as  put  upon  fields,  contains  about  one  million  seeds 
per  acre. 

Experiments  made  with  those  soils  and  seeds,  have  shown  that  from 
80,000  to  175,000  per  acre,  actually  germinated  in  one  year. 

Many  species  of  weeds  have  seeds  possessed  of  extraordinary  vitality- 
enabling  them  to  survive  for  years,  either  in  the  soil  or  elsewhere,  until 
the  proper  conditions  for  germination  and  growth  present  themselves. 

This  is  particularly  the  case  with  some  of  our  worst  weeds  belonging" 


to  the  Mustard  1   raily,    which   have   seeds  containing  oil,  with  seemingly - 
great  pre;  ervati   >i  power. 

For  the  oriji  ;i  of  noxious  weeds  it  is  usual  to  look  to  other  countries, 
from  which  seeds  have  come  in  various  ways.  Undoubtedly  many  do 
reach  us  from  r.bro id,  but  in  the  list  given  herewith  are  a  considerable 
number  which  are  indigenous  to  the  country.  Ot  native  growth,  they 
have  f)Und  in  cultivated  soil  very  congenial  hotnes,  at.d  have  become 
troublesome  pests.  Instances  of  this  class  are  found  in  Pasture  Sage  Brush, 
Sunflowers,  Showy  Lettuce,  Crum  Weed  jftid  Treacle  Mustard.  It  is  neces- 
sary, then,  <,hat  a  sharp  lookout  be  kept  upon  our  native  plants,  as  many 
of  them  are  capable  of  givir'3^  much  trouble  in  the  future.  Whenever  any 
such  are  becomins?  unduly  plentiful  upon  any  farm,  prompt  action  t-hould 
be  taken  to  ascertain  their  true  character,  and  the  best  methods  of  destroy 
ing  them. 

P^oreign  weeds  have,  ot  c  >  ii'se,  come  to  u«  chiefly  from  the  United 
States,  or  from  Furope  by  way  of  Eastern  Canada  aii'^  the  United  States, 
or  direct.  A  curious  instance  of  the  latter  case,  seems  to  be  fouid  in  ^ 
new  arrival  ot  which  mure  will  be  said  laier.  This  plant,  which  for  want 
of  another  English  name  may  provisionally  be  called  the  "Russian  Pig- 
weed, "  has  ccme,  as  its  name  implies,  from  Eastern  Russia.  It  was  first 
noted  in  Canada  near  Winnipeg,  and,  as  it  has  not  been  officially  noted  in 
the  United  States,  the  natural  conclusion  is  that  it  has  come  to  us  direct 
from  the  country  named.  Ready  means  for  the  conveyance  of  such  seeds 
are  furnished  by  immigrants'  baggage,  or  seeds  and  trees  imported  for 
experimental  purooses.  In  the  latter  case  too  much  vigilance  cannot  be 
exercised,  especially  when  the  importation  is  from  a  country  similar  to 
this  in  climatic  conditions. 

DlSTKIBUTION   OF   SEEDS. 

The  rapid  spread  of  noxious  weeds  is  easily  accounted  for  when  we 
take  into  consideration  the  agencies  ac  work.  Everything  is  in  their 
favor.     Nature  does  the  work  iti  many  ways. 

1.  The  wind  wafts  seeds,  constructed  to  float  in  the  air,  Immense  dis- 
tances, or  drives  them  .ilong  the  ground  with  dust  or  snow,  or,  in  the  ease 
of  the  different  "  tumble  weeds,"  sends  the  parent  plant  careering  for  miles 
over  the  prairie,  scattering  thousands  of  seeds  in  its  course. 

Water  in  creeks  and  rivers  carries  them  in  myriads,  and  leaves  them 
to  grow  along  broken  banks,  or  on  overflowed  lands.  An  illustration  of 
this  on  a  large  scale  is  to  be  seen  ueR,r  the  mouth  of  the  Red  River,  where 
hundreds  of  acres  of  land  have  been  overrun  with  Canida  thistles  seeded 
in  this  manner. 

They  are  also  distributed  by  birds  and  animals  in  droppings,  or  by 
being  attached  to  the  coats  of  the  latter,  in  the  form  of  burs  and  ticks  of 
various  kinds. 

2.  They  are  also  distributed  by  human  agency. 

Foul  seed,  which  is  dear  at  any  price,  is  purchased  for  its  seeming 
cheapness. 

Matured  plants  are  dragged  over  fields  by  harrows  or  seeders,  drop- 
ping seeds  as  ihey  go. 


They  are  carried  in  hay,  fodder  and  manure  ;  and  on  wagons,  thresh- 
ing machines,  binders  and  railway  cars 

Screenings  from  threshers  and  fanning  mills  are  often  neglected,  and 
even  thoughtlessly  flowed  into  fields. 

The  1  nowledgc  of  these  facts  suggests   partial   safeguards  against  fu 
ture  loss.  '  Prexention  is  better  than  cure,  and   an   intt-Uierent  application 
of  th6  les.iasof  the  pur,  willgo  far  to  mici-a^.e  danger  and  ''_>^].^'-o  ".^•^^'^^ 
in  the  furure.     The  following  sound   maxims   are   reprinted  from  the  Bul- 
letin of  1894  :— 

PRKVENTATIVE.S 

1.  Never  sow  foul  seed,  even  if  clean  seed  costs  double  the  price, 
('ount  the  after-cost. 

2.  Cleanings  of  cars  should  be  collected  and  destroyed. 

3  No  matter  on  whose  farm  a  threshing  machine  has  been  working, 
see  that  it  is  thoroughly  swept  down  from  top  to  wheels,  and  run  empty  at 
least  five  minutes,  before  coming  to  your  farm. 

4.  Do  not  thresh  on  diflerent  spots,  have  your  regular  threshing  site* 
and  watch  them  carefully. 

5.  Clean  down   binders   and  implements   before  moving  from  foul  to- 
clean  fields. 

f).  If  possible  get  your  farm  fenced  in  order  to  keep   your   neighbor's 
cattle  from  straying  over  your  fields. 

7.  See  that  your  wagon  wheels  and  boxes,    and  horses'  feet  are  clean' 
before  driving  over  your  fields. 

8.  Allow  no  man  to  drive  across  your  fields,  even  to  secure   a   near 
cut. 

9.  Get  all  your  feed  crushed,  even  though  you  thirk  it  is  clean. 

10.  Never  spread  fresh  manure  on    your    fields,    nor   allow    weeds  to- 
mature  on  your  manure  pile. 

11.  Watch  your  watercourses. 

12.  Never  allow  weeds  to  ripen  on  your  farm,  and  encountge  your 
neighbors  to  take  the  same  precaution. 

ElUDICATION. 

The  destruction  of  weeds  can  only  be  successfully   accanplished  by  a 
•  careful  study  of  the  conditions  of  plant  life,  and  the  characters  of  the  var- 
ious species  that  are  found  troublesome. 

They  are  usually  classed  as— 

1  AnmiaU—ThC'iG  include  all  which  grow  from  seed  and  mature 
in  one' season,  if  the  seed^  germinate  in  Spring.  They  have  generally 
small  fibrous  roots,  wiiioh  seldom  penetrate  very  deeply  into  the  soil,  and 
they  produce  a  large  quantity  of  seeds.     This  is  nature's  safeguard  against 


growth  ea. iy  tt.e  N.llowing  year      KxlmuZnfn         '""-L  ^T^'*^'*'   ^^^'^ 

germination  of  tlie  heeds  c/n  be  secarp?)  mti  J,  i  '  ^'"^'""'^  ^'''"  '•'"^be 
'•arrowin,  or  so.ne  other  metlld  the  ste  der  d' li  r'"^"'"""'^'  ««  'h^t,  by 
to  sun  and  wLkI,  .  heir  destruction  sen  uS  I  Z;  '•"::^«  «'*'"'«  exposed 
once  this  would  be  a  comparative  yeasTtsk  L7  ^f"^'""»^d  at 
pointed  out,  seeds  of  this  class  h^vp  of>  "'^sk  ;  hut,  as  we   ha,ve  already 

<leeply  buried  will  lie  d^,^  ,' ryetrT  ^^^^  vitality,  and  if  too 

when  brou-ht  to  the  surface.  '        ^  ^  ^'"''^  ^"   unexpected  crop 

whicLfZr^:^-;,;;:^;^^:;:;^/^;;^^-^^^  a  second    year   in 

and  storing  up  a  «upplv    of  m -I'r    hn         y«^''/^'^'"«    si'ent    in   collecting 

flowersandsiecK     ?^he^WHdPa   "^^^  '"  ,^t,,^^I'«'-'^-l   «"   maturir| 

several  others  are  in  mZL     S^^^Tr^:"^  '^'"^  ^"•^  ^°^ 
nuals.  ^  itquire  tne   same   treatment  as  an- 

of  thi^ci:s^:r;t  m;;iT^^-:j-;^;^       ^---  weeds 

gated,  not  only  by  seed  but  mosrof  Hip  ''•^^^'««"'ne  tor  they  are  propa- 
ing  underground  Lotstoc!^^  wh.^?  «ph''^'""'  ^i"ds  also  by  creep- 
new  plancs^  The  WidKos^  Cant^aThtl??'""''  '?''c"'^""-''«'>^  ^«™ 
Sunflowers,  Cm.h  Gras«     et      u"^  l  f'  ^'^'■f""'^'  Sow  Vhistle,  .ome 

^K-Eye  Daisy  and    othSs  Trow   on  it  ^T^''.     ^'^"  ^''^"''•'"'  J^^ndelion, 
■ '  3  further  he'ped  b/rh^prXctir  lfta:ni:iUro;tVd:"  ''  '''-'''  ^- 

leaves  under  the  influence  oighta„dai?'  ""nlV"  "^^"."^'^-tured  in  the 
off.  the  plant  mu^t  8..on  becomf  eJh^H  J^l  '"^P''''^  ''^ '^^'^  ^e  cut 
method  to  be  pursued  in  the  work  of  exterl  -  .Tl>i^  indicates  the 

ify  of  removing  ,he  root"  tocks  a  lrp,?,p  r  l'''^'  ^^"'"^'  *''«  Po^sibil- 
the  better  pUntthe  neTt test  is   o  ^t^^^^^  '^'i^"^'  ^'"^'^   is  of  course 

.ngoff  the  f.od  supply,  ^:i::^::^-  ^J^ri^L^as:"^  ^^^- 

J)etaii,.s  of  Fhactice. 
Annuals. 

.uitable  for  all  .l,„  anS  weeds  aThouJi  w>f  °'  "°''°"'  '■'""""■  "»'  >>' 
«ary  to  apply  i,  ,„  rlgidty.  '  ^"'"'"K''  ""»'  '""^.v  n  will  not  he  neces- 

fail„wedd'ad„?ti,e  TeL fu" 'Z-  ""S  „'?'  "h""  T  """•""^'"^  •™'-'- 
oan  be  done  well.  sunnnc.      Do  not  undertake  one  aere  more  than 

imJiir,ra":;tt;'ro;tS^rjeri^";r,^r%''-T'-  «-- 

*ow  above  ,roa„d  „be„  winter  eoretls'S.TeSds  o'r1bl"„ri?S 


-their  vitality  over  winter,  and  shed  bc  >?  very  early  in  spring,  before  you 
are  ready  for  saramer- fallowing. 

3.  Harrow  again  first  thing  in  spring. 

4.  Spring-plow  and  sow  all  the  cultivated  land  not  set  apart  for  sum- 
mer-fallow, and  if  it  appears  that  there  is  rather  too  much  land  under  cul- 
tivation fo"  the  available  force,  seed  down  a  part  with  grass  which  will 
tend  to  keep  it  out  of  mischief  till  overtaken. 

5.  After  seeding  cultivate  summer-fallow  slightly  deeper  than  was 
done  the  previous  fall,  and  harrow  as  often  as  weeds  appear. 

0,  Now  commence  plowing  so  as  to  have  all  plowed  before  auy  seeds 
have  formed. 

7.  Harrow  each  evening  the  land  plowed  during  the  day  and  repeat 
as  often  as  weeds  show  above  ground.  The  object  of  this  is  to  encourage 
weed-growth  and  to  destroy  the  young  plants. 

8.  The  following  season  sow  without  any  fartl  er  cultivation  and 
'^and  pull  ail  the  weeds  ^^hich  appear  in  the  crop. 

9.  Gather  the  weeds  in  a  sound  bag  to  prevent  any  seeds  from  falling 
x)tit. 

10.  Burn  all  the  plants,  because,  if  thrown  in  a  pile,  the  under  oies 
will  mature  seed. 

11.  In  the  fall  treat  as  in  the  fall  preceding  summer-fallow,  and  sow 
-the  following  spring  without  plowing.  On  land  infested  with  weed  seeds, 
never  plow  and  sow  without  giving  all  the  seeds  in  the  surface  soil  an  op- 
portunity of  germinating,  both  before  and  .  ".er  plowing.  Never  be  de- 
ceived by  one  clean  crop.  Millions  of  seeds  may  be  buried  below  the 
germinating  depth  and  will  grow  iu  future  years. 

Biennials. 

These  may  to  a  considerable  extent  be  treated  in  the  same  manner  as 
annuals  ;  but  as  some  species,  which  are  ordinarily  true  biennials,  will 
live  three  years  or  possibly  more,  if  seed  production  be  prevented  by 
mowing  or  cutting  the  stem  above  the  crown  of  the  root,  another  method 
is  often  advisable.  The  roots  below  the  crown  should  be  cut  with  hoe  or 
gpud— the  latter  being  a  large  strong  chisel  attached  to  a  fork-handle. 
It  is  a  valuable  instrument,  which  may  be  used  to  much  advantage  in 
cutting  thickened  roots  below  the  surface. 

Weedsof  this  class  are  usually  most  abundant  in  old  fields,  a'.ong 
road-sides,  and  in  waste  places  where  the  soil  is  seldom  disturbed.  They 
must  be  destroyed  in  these  places,  if  the  work  of  clearing  the  seed  out  of 
cultivated  fields  is  to  be  made  effective. 

Perenniah. 

For  the  destruction  of  perennials  the  following  suggestions,  made  by 
Dr.  Dewey,  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  are  so  admir- 
ably stated  that  they  are"  here  reproduced.  No  2  is  probably  out  of  the 
<juestion  as  a  practicable  remedy  at  present,  but  may  be  valuable  in  the 
future,  and  so  is  inserted. 


i    • 


!   1 


The  Department  beg^s  here  to  acknowledge  assistance  in  the  prepar- 
ation of  this  Bulletin,  derived  from  papers  by  Dr.  Dewey. 

"To  destroy  perennial  weeds,  seed  production  must  be  prevented  ard 
"  the  underground  portion  must  be  killed.  Seed  production  may  be  p.e- 
"  vented  by  mowing  when  the  first  flower  buds  appear,  the  same  as  in  the 
"case  of  annuals  or  biennials.  The  best  method  for  killing  the  rootstocks 
"vary  considerably  according  to  the  soil,  climate,  character  of  the  differ- 
"  ent  weeds,  and  the  size  of  the  patch  or  the  quantity  to  be  killed.  In 
"general,  however,  the  following  principles  apply  : 

"1,  The  rootstocks  may  be  dug  up  and  removed,  a  remedy  that  can 
"  be  practically  applied  only  in  small  areas. 

"  2  Salt,  coal  oil  ov  strong  acid  applied  so  as  to  come  in  Contact  with 
"  the  frerhly  cut  roots  or  rootstocks  destroys  them  for  some  distance  from 
"the  point  of  contact.  Crude  sulphuric  acid  is  probably  the  most  effective 
"  of  comparatively  inexpensive  materials  that  can  be  used  for  this  pur- 
"  pose,  but  its  strong  corrosive  prope  tiCS  render  it  dangerous  to  handle. 

"3.  Rootstocks  may  be  starved   t,c  death  by  preventing  any  develop- 
"ment  of  green  leaves  or  other   parts   above   ground.     This  may   be  ef- 
'■'  fected  by  building  straw   stacks  over  small  patches,  by  persistent,  thor 
"ough  cultivation  in  fields,  by  th3  use  of  the   hoe  or  spud  in  waste  places, 
"  and  by  salting  the  plants  and  turning  en  sheep  in  permanent  pastures. 

"4.  The  plants  may  usually  be  smothered  by  dense  .sod-formiiig 
"grasses  or  by  a  crop  like  clover  or  millet  that  will  exclude  the  light. 

'5.  Most  rootstocks  are  readily  destroyed  by  exposing  them  to  the 
"direct  action  of  the  sun  during  the  summer  drought,  or  to  the  direct  ac- 
"tion  of  the  frost  in  winter.  In  this  way  plowing,  ftr  example,  becomes 
"effective. 

"G.  Any  cultivation  which  merely  breaks  up  the  rootstocks  and  leaves 
"  them  in  the  ground,  especially  during  wet  weather,  aids   in   their  distri- 
"bution  and  multiplication,  and   is    worse  than    useless,    unless   theculti- 
"  vation  is  continued  so  as  to  prevent  any  growth  .'ibove  ground.     Plowing 
"and  planting  ground  in  April  and  May,  and  cultivating  at   intervals  un- 
til the  last  of  June,  then  leaving   the   land   uncultivated   during  the  re- 
"mainder  of  the  season,  is  one  of  the  best  methods  that  could   be  pursued 
to  encourage  the  growth  of  Couch  (irassand  ni.-iny  other  perennitil  weeds. 
The  above  methods  deal  generally  only  with  the  destruction  of  weeds 
on  cultivated  land. 

As  they  are  so  largely  prevalent  along  the  roadsides,  railways,  and 
waste  places,  it  is  evident  that  any  full  consideration  of  the  "subject 
requires  that  this  aspect  of  the  question  should  not  be  overlooked. 

"The  Noxious  Weeds  Act,"  which  is  reprinted  herewith,  has  indeetl 
provided  to  some  extent  for  their  destr  action  upon  theie  lands.  It  wiU 
be  noted,  however,  that  whatever  may  be  the  spirit  of  the  Act,  in  actual 
practice  the  work  rcaolvcs  itself  almoat  entirely  into  simply  cutting  such 
weeds  as  are  proclaimed,  once  or  twice  in  the  ye.ir.  Doubtless  this  doe* 
grea.  good,  but  as  some  of  our  worst  weeds  are  perennial",  and  others- 


.t 


{) 

which  are  annuals,  can  ripen  seed  after  being  cut,  more  effective  and  per- 
manent measures  seem  to  be   necessary.     The  annual   outlay  to   land 
owners  and  municipalities  in  carrying  out  the  Act  is  very  great,  and  m 
likely  to  increase. 

As  a  contribution  toward  the  solution  of  this  problem,  Rev.  W.  A. 
Burman  offers  the  following  observations  and  suggestions  : 

"  There  are  many  instances  on  record,  of  low-growiug  tender  plants 
being  used  to  choke  out  plants  which  seemed  to  defy  destruction  in  other 
ways.  In  New  Zealand,  trie  "  wild  flax,"  which  became  an  almust  intoler- 
able nuisance,  and  seemed  to  get  new  life  and  vigor  out  of  every  attempt 
to  destroy  it,  at  last  yielded,  it  is  said,  to  the  subtle  attacks  of  the  tender 
English  Chickweed,  which  smothered  it  out  of  existence  wherever  it 
obtained  a  holtt.  The  application  of  this  principle  to  our  own  fields^  has 
been  suggested  above  in  the  reference  to  "smothering  cops."  From 
observations  made  during  the  past  few  years  in  the  Province,  the  \yriter 
is  persuaded  the  same  principle  might  l>e  applied  to  our  roads,  railway 
grades,  and  waste  places  in  both  ttawn  and  country. 

"  The  plant  suggested  for  this  purpose  is  the  common  White  or  Dutch 
Clover.  It  is  possessed  of  great  vitality,  grows  easily  from  seed,  is  proof 
against  our  severest  frosts,  spreads  rapidly  and  is  very  persistent  of 
growth.  As  an  illustration  of  what  it  can  accomplish,  may  be  noted  cer 
tain  streets  in  Wiinipeg  and  West  Selkirk,  where  it  has  kilh^d  out  every 
weed.  From  the  latter  town  it  has  been  carried  along  the  ditches  to  the 
Red  River,  in  the  lower  reaches  of  which  it  has,  in  many  places,  asserted 
itself  above  all  other  vegetation  on  the  river  banks. 

"  The  suggestion  is  therefore  made  that  municipalities,  railway  cor 
porations  and  individuals  be  encouraged  to  maue  trial  of  this  new  method 
of  fighting  weeds  in  places  where  cultivation  is  impossible.  A  few  dollars 
spent  in  seed  scattered  along  roads,  railway  grades  or  on  waste  places 
would,  I  am  convinced,  soon  lead  to  {.  wonderful  reduction  in  the  annual 
cost  of  destroying  weeds.  It  would  have  the  further  advantages  of  pro- 
viding pasturat  d  upon  land  now  worse  than  useless,  of  binding  the  sur 
face  of  grades,"and  of  blotting  out  the  patches  of  unsightly  weeds  which 
are  such  eyesores  in  our  towns." 


DESCRTITTON  OF  VARIOUS  WEKDS. 

At  the  end  of  this  pamphlet  will  be  round  a  table  enuineniting  and 
describing  briedy  some  7;")  weeds  of  a  more  or  less  dangerous  character, 
found  within  this  Province. 

Of  some  a  fuller  account  seems  to  be  necessary,  either  because  of 
their  i)resent  dangerous  character,  or  because,  though  as  yet  but  little 
known  they  «!•<>  likely  tn  heeome  hurtful  pe"*ti  in  the  nea"  future.  Some 
of  these  have  I  een  described  in  former  publications  of  this  Department, 
iind  those  descriptions  arc  in  tlie  main  here  reproduced. 


Nil 


10 

Stink  Weed,  or   Penny   Cress  {Thlaspi  arvense,  Linn)* 

at  the  lower  parteorae  oat  Hrst,  and  the  pods  may  he  almost  rlDewhHe 
agreeable  smell  and  its  peculiarly  shaped  pod.  The  Dod  is  nf  n  vJL 
ftTe  ^ot'  ;i"h  'T  ^  *",^  "^^  broad.\eaft  shaped  a n'ddeeplylnde  fed 
seeds  ?^h.  '  h'  '""-^  '^"''  ^"^  "^^^  ««"  ^""^"J"«  f'-o"!  four  to  eiiht 
ftower  Jjants  ™''°"'r'  '"' -^^^'"^^  "^'^^^  ^"'^"'^''  ^^an  that  of  cauli- 
prXce  rid  hfd  rhi"^  ^^T  """*"'  T"^''  °"  ^'''  ''^'''i"  ^^eir  vitality  aud 
C  twice  1„h.  '''"*  very  early,  and  these  seeds  will  often  repro- 

nn?!!  ^  ''^"^  ^''*''«"-     T^e  seed  being  small  will  not  terminate 

pott^^n'-   f  •""  -^^  '"•■^"^^'  ^"d  ^^^"   ^'^••'^d   below  the  geSSg 
cows  wh    h  h  "'  ^'*^''i^  '"''  '"^"y  ^^^'•«-      The  milk  produced  W 

S    is    removed  T''  '"  ^'?''  ^""^  ^^  °"^  «^  ^«''  "««■  and  unless     uch 

srgh;:ri;7trbeirSurarKtrbr:.  ^^^  ^^  ^^^^^  ^"--^^  ^-^^-^  - 

Wild  Mustari>  {Brassica  sinapisirum,  Bois.s). 
f«a.  •''^^  '•'  ?*'''««'^  "  of  England.      An  annual,  growing  from  one  to  four 

Slk    haTr^'S-.r"'"'^"^  '°  ''''  ""^  ^'^'^^^'^^  '  ^^^-^^'-^^  ve'-y  Snch  ng 
fTlhLlV      '•"^^'  '"''^^^"ty.  has  a  profusion  of  yellow  flowers  simufr 
to  those  o    turnip  and  others  of  the  Crucileric.      The  seed  pods  are Tni^ 
and  contain  a  number  of  seeds  each.      In  common  with  alMhe  member! 

whchoTv  ni  f  T''  'r''^'  *"^  ^'^•^  «^  ^'^^  ««^d  contai^'an  oi? 
f^r  ve.rrHM  /h  ^""^l  ^^'  ^  '""^  ''"^"'  ^^"^  ^^  ^^"1  ^«"'«in  i"  the  ground 
vTJr  I  .  ^''°"'*"'''"'  ^'^  favorable,  when  it  will  grow  with  unabated 
vigor      It  takes  longer  to  mature  than  Stink  Weed,  bu?  will  ripen  seed  H 

fhis  wpph'  ''t  '^'  ''"'*  '^  '""^  ''•^'•'^^d-  A«  the  bright  yellow  flowers  oJ 
this  weed  make  It  easily  distinguished  in  a  field,  it  may  be  hand  pulled 

mi' le  "Cr' •'"•'""''■  ''"  ^''^''''  ^'^"^«'-  «^  ^t«  inrroducti^n  '  n 
b'arfa  ft;^;  irem^bSc?"^^'  "^^  ^"'  "'^^^  ^^'"^'^^  -«^«  ^o  -^-^  it 

TUMI.I.ING  Mustard  iSis;;,,!,.:,,,  Siaapistrum.Cvanty.) 

(^a'Wlll7ur'l"ifn/vv'''';'''  ^«!"«t*'"««  «'^"«d  the  Indian  Head  or 
tricnvfnl  hif^        S  ^^"^^  "^""^  '"  ^^■^•'  detected  in  Manitoba  in  the  dis- 

tributed  prinf.in«  k;„.  "'""f''^""  It  his  now  been  more  widely  dis- 
^rtSrd      S;   -^     !"^  ^"^dis  rather  common  from  Winnipeg 

rggrelsive    imml^.'/r  ''  ""T"  ?'•''"''  ''"^  ^^^^s  on.  more  to  the  list^o*f 
Jwn«      I    '^""'^^  '"t    weeds    which    have  come  to  us   from  Southern 
Europe.  ^  In  its  original    home  the  Tumbling  Mustard   is   ?o^  the  mos" 
*  Oiteii  uiiscalied  "  French  Weed.' 


n 


part  a  biennial,  producing  only  a  rosette  of  leaves  the  first  year, 
and  the  flowering  stem  the  second  season,  but  in  this  country  it 
is  a  coarse,  smooth  annual  weed,  which  comes  from  seed  every  year. 
It,  as  a  rule,  varies  in  size,  from  two  to  four  feet  in  height,  and  the 
stem  is  very  much  branched  above.  It  bears  at  the  root  a  rosette  of 
hairy  leaves,  in  shaoe  somewhat  like  those  of  the  dandelion  (fig  4).  These 
are  quite  different  from  the  smooth,  finely  divided  leaves  which  later  on 


TUMBLING     iMUSTARD. 
Figs.  1  and  8-  -  Leaves  of  young  plants  near  the  ground. 

Fig.  '2— Plant  SO  inches  high,  showing  10  inches  above  crop  in  field. 
Showiug  yiwU  on  steins  and  flowers  at  tips  of  branches. 

are  borne  upon  the  flowering  stem  (Hgrf.  1  and  3.)  The  pale  yellow  crosB- 
sbaped  flowers  are  composed  of  four  petal.s  like  those  of  all  the  membetB 
of  the  large  Muwiard  family  to  which  this  weed  belongs.  The  stotH, 
erect  stem  is  much  in  .inched  above,  and  bears  numerous  long  very  slender 
seed  pods,  tLree  inches  in  length  ^iigs.  2  and  5). 


12 


The  following  extracts,  treating  on  this  weed,  are  taken  from    the  re 
ports  of  Mr.  J.  Fletcher,  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa.      The   illustrations^ 
are  from  the  same  gentleman,    and   appear   on  pp.    178  to  180  of  his  1895 
Report :  - 

Report  1892:  "  It  starts  in  the  spring  from   seed,   and    if  let  alone, 
will  ripen  its  seed  at  the  same  time  as  mustard,  or  about  wheat  harvest 


(Fig.  4.)    TUMBLING  MUSTAED.     A  young  plant. 

If  cut  off  above  the  ground  it  Avill   throw  out  shoots,  which,  if  let  alone, 
will  ripen  seed  before  frost  comes  if  tiie  first  cutting  is  early  enough.     If 


13 

not  the  shoots  will  go  on  growing  until  the  first  frost  destroys  it.  It  does 
not'  start  in  the  spring  from  the  autumn  growth,  lor  that  is  entirely 
dead  One  seed  produces  one  stock,  which  lives  and  dies  the  same 
season.  The  normal  size  of  this  plant  in  Europe  is  about  two  feet  high 
but  a  large  specimen  sent  to  me  entire  by  Mr.  McKay  for  the  purpose  of 
■counting  the  seeds,  was  more  than  twice  that  height,  with  numerous 
branches  covered  with  long  pods  (Hg.  6).     All  of  these  were  counted  ;  each 


2  Feci- 


TIJMBLINU  MUSTAUn— From  a  Phoiograph. 
(Fig.  (5.) 

pod  contained  an  average  of  120  seeds,  in  two  ranks,  and  gave  the  enor- 
mous total  of  one  and  a-half  millions  of  seeds  from  the  one  plant  1  hese 
when  threshed  out  weighed  150  grammes  (nearly  h\  ounces).  I  he  seeds 
are  very  small,  about  half  the  size  of  the  seed  of  timothy,  and  dark 
reddish-brown  in  color.  There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  introduction  of 
this  pernicious  weed  into  the  IsortU-Webt  Territories  is  a  most  serious 
matter." 


14 


Hare's  Eai*  Mustard.  (Erysimum  Orientals,  R.  Br) 


m 


¥\ 


This  plant,  tig.  7,  is  a  slender 
branching  annual  with  grey- 
ish-green succulent  leaves  on 
the  stem,  oblong  oval  in  shape 
and  clasping  at  the  base  ;  the 
root  leaves  are  spatulate,  more 
elongated  and  not  clasping  at 
the  base.  The  flowers  are 
small,  of  a  creamy-white  and 
borne  at  the  tips  of  the  bran- 
ches ;  they  are  followed  by 
square  pods,  sometimes  three 
inches  in  length,  containing 
rather  large  blackish  seeds. 
This  has  developed  into  a 
very  troublesome  weed,  espec- 
ially in  Southern  Manitoba.  It 
must  be  thoroughly  eradicated 
wherever  found. 


HAKE'S  EAR  MUSTAPD     (Kryximvm 
Oihnlalo  li.  Br).    Fig.  7. 

False  Fi.ax  (Camelina  mtiva,  Crantz). 

This  plant,  a  member  of  the  Mustard  family,  has  be^n  introduced 
from  Lurope  where  it  has  long  been  known  as  a  troublesome  weed  in 
flax  fields.  Tt  resembles  flax  somewhat,  but  has  much  snuiller  flowers 
and  seeds,  and  its  se«d  capsules  are  pear-shaped  instead  of  spherical  Fg  8 
U  IS  an  annual,  like  yheplierd's  Purse,  Peppergrass  and  most  of  the  other 
troublesome  weeds  of  the  Mustard  family.  h,  the  norrhem  part  of  its 
range,  at  least,  the  seeds  are  seldom   matured  except  on   plants   which 


15 

grow  as  winter  annuals.  The  seeds  germinating  in  the  fall  produce » 
rosette  of  leaves  in  the  same  manner  as  the  dandelion.  In  the  spring  a 
seed  stalk  is  developed  from  the  midst,  and  after  the  seeds  are  matured 
the  plant  dies.  The  seeds  germinating  in  the  spring  produce  plants  that 
usually  blosRom  during  the  same  season,  but  seldom  mature  seeds,  being 
killed  too  early  by  the  frost. 


FAL,SE  FLAX.      {Cami-liiiamUi'a.Cranlz)  (Fig.  8.) 
Showing  plant ;  flower  very  much  enlarged  ;  seed,  somewhat,  and  very  much  magnified  *' 

BiUD,  OK  Summer  Rape  (Jirassica  campestris     Linn).- 

This  plant  is  almost  like  the  better  known  Wild  Mustard,  but  is  quite 
smooth,  with  •'.  pale  bloom  upoii  it  similar  to  that  upon  the  Cabbage.  It  is 
the  RapH  fed  to  cage  birds,  and  doubtless  often  originates  from  this  source. 
It  should  be  as  rigorously  treated  as  Wild  Mustard. 


Ui 

Mali,  Mvstahu  (Nedia  panicidata,  Desv). 

This  is  a  tall  rank-growing  annual,  with  roughish  leaves  grasping  the 
stem,  somewhat  pointed^  and  from  2  to  4  inches  long,  the  larger  ones  an 
inch  iii  breadth.  The  vellm*  iiowers  are  biirne  on  a  number  ot  long  and 
rather  graceful  cl  it^ters,  together  forming  small  panicles.  The  iiowers 
are  very  small  a;ut  produce  round  pods,  somewhat  flattened,  with  a  min 
ute  beak  at  top,  and  with  wrinkled  markings  when  ripe.  The  plant  gets 
its  common  name  from  these  ball-shaped  pods,  which  are  scarcely  l-16th 
of  an  inch  in  length,  and  contain  a  single  liny  yellow  seed.  Its  habits 
are  those  of  other  mustards.  It,  is  found  principally  In  South  and  South- 
wesi  Manitoba  in  grain  crops. 

Pepper  Guass.     ( Lcpidiwni  intermedium,  Gray.) 

A  slender  annual  herb,  from  12  to  1«  inches  in  height  with  the  general 
appearance  of  the  Cress  family,  to  which  it  belongs.  The  flowers  are 
very  small,  w.iitish  and  very  numerous.  Thev  are  followed  by  small 
roundish  flat  pods,  arranged  in  long  clusters  and  forming  a  large  spread- 
ing mass  around  the  central  stem.  The  seeds  are  reddish  in  color,  much 
like  those  of  Shepherd's  Purse,  but  larger.  Ttiey  are  produced  in  great 
quantities,  and  germinate  so  readily  that  the  rank  growing  plants 
easily  choke  out  young  growth,  and  will  prove  specially  troublesome  in 
wet  seasons.  Great  complaints  have  been  made  about  this  weed  in 
certain  districts,  and  quantities  of  its  seeds  have  been  noticed  in  cleanings 
from  elevators.  Farmers  should  light  this  weed  in  every  way— hand- 
pulling  is  of  special  value— but  all  plants  pulled  should  be  carefully 
collected  and  burned. 


Spider  Flower  (Cleome  integrifolia,  L). 

This  is  another  native  plant,  found  as  far  north  as  Peace  River,  but 
only  in  certain  localiries.  It  is  abundant  in  one  part  of  the  Parish  of  St. 
Paul,  north  of  Winnipeg.  It  grows  from  1  to  3  feet  in  height,  has  3  to  7- 
parted  leaves  and  purple  or  white  flowers,  with  four  petals  which  soon 
fall  off.  The  anthers  protrude  from  the  flower,  and  with  its  loose  outer 
parts  give  it  somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  spider.  Hence  the 
name  "Spider  Flower."  The  seeds  are  produced  in  one-celled  pods,  not 
unlike  verches  in  shape  and  size,  each  containing  two  rows.  The  seeds 
are  peculiar  in  shape,  being  curled  around  until  the  two  ends  almost  meet. 
This  is  a  troublesome  weed  when  once  established  on  land,  and  being 
rather  ornamental  is  often  no  doubt  spared  for  the  sake  of  its  flowers,  to 
the  subsequent  regret  of  its  admirers. 

(ifUM  Weed  (  UrivdeUa  Hqnarrosa,  Dunal). 

The  (xum  Weed  is  too  well  known  to  need  a  detailed  description,  fig.  •.». 
Everyone  in  Manitoba  is  familiar  with  its  attractive  yellow  flowers,  like 
small  sunflowers,  and  has  learned  by  experience  that  beautiful  as  it  is  to 
look  at,  it  is  most  unpleasant  to  handle,  owing  to  the  abundant  sticky  juice 
exuding  from  the  flowers.  It  is  a  native  annual,  producing  abundance  of 
seeds,  very  common  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places,  and  is  ranldlv 
apreading  into  fields  and  upland  meadows. 


17 


t 


GUM  WEED    Griiiddia  siinarroxa,  Dimid).     Kig.  f> 


A  tincture  made  from   the   leaves,    it   is   said,  will  cure  the  effects  of 
poison  ivy. 

Showy  Lettuce  (  Mulgediwm  pidchellnm,  Nuttall). 

A  perennial  native  plant,  a  little  like  lettuce  in  its  general  appear 
ance  and  habits.     Its  foliage  is,  however,  scantier,  and  often  has  a  reddish 
appearance.     The  Jight  blue  flower   heads   are   h^vlf  .-in  inch  across,  and 
grow  in  racemes.    The  seeds  float  on  the  wind  like  those  of  the  I'nckly 
Lettuce,  ttgured  below.    They  are  about  a  quart       "  an  inch  long. 


18 

This  weed  is  becoming  too  coraraori  in  lielfis,  and  may,  unless  care  be 
taken,  become  here,  what  the  "  Fricklv  L  ^ttnce,"  described  below  has  be- 
come m  the  Northern  States— a  very  serious  pest.  It  's  very  plentiful  in 
Western  Manitoba. 

Pr'CKlv  Lettuce  {l.,ntv,u  smriola     L) 

The  "Prickly  Lettuce, '  described  in  the  following  extract  has  not 
yet  reached  Manitoba,  but  is  reported  from  Okanagan,  B.C.  As  it  is 
therefore,  not  at  all  unlikely  it  may  be  found  here  in  the  near  future,  we 
print  it  in  full,  on  the  principle  that  to  be  tore  warned  is  to  be  fore- 
armed. The  extract  is  from  Bulletin  No.  28  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  by  Mr.  Dewey  :— 


I'RICKEY    LKrrUCE. 


Fig.  1©. 


"The  Prickly  Lettuce  is  also  known  by  the  common  names  Milk 
Thistle,  English  Thistle  and  Compass  Plant.  '  During  the  past  season  it 
has  been  mistaken  for  Russian  Thistle  in  many  localities.  It  is  a  native 
of  Europe.  The  first  record  we  have  of  it  in  this  country  is  in  the  fifth 
edition  of  Gray's  Manual  (1868),  where  the  locality  is  given  as  'waste 
grounds  and  roadsides,  Cambridge,  Mass.'  About  ten  years  later  it  was 
observed  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  now  it  has  become  widely 
distributed  throughout  nearly  all  the  States  from  Massachusetts  to  Vir- 
ginia and  westward  to  the  Missouri  itiver,  and  has  crossed  the  mountains 


l(t 


tto  Idaho,  Oregon  and  Washington.     It  is  most  aburdant  and  troublesome 
in  the  States  bordering  on  the  Ohio  River  and  the  Great  Lakes. 

"  The  Prickly  Lettuce  is  closely  related  to  the  common  garden  lettuce, 
which  it  resembles  in  the  seed-bearing  stage  (fig.  Oa.)     It  is  an  annual, 
sometimes  doubtless  a  winter  annual,  partaking  of  the  character  of  a  bien- 
nial.    The  stem,  smooth  or  with  small  scattered  prickles,  rises  to  a  height 
of  2  to  6  feet,  bearing  a  few  lateral  branches  and  a  large  open  panicle  of 
flowers.     The  flowers  are  small,  one-fourth  to  one-halt  inch  in  diameter, 
yellow,  and   inconspicuous,  as   only  a   few  are  open  at  a  time  (flg.  10  rf 
shows  natural  size  of  head).     The  plants  begin  to  bloom  in  July  and  pro 
duces  a  few  blossoms  each  morning  thereafter  until  killed  by  the  frost. 
The  seed,  or  strictly  speaking  the  akene — the  seed  with  the  close  fitting 
case  which  contains  it — is  dark  brown  in  color,  flattened,  between  oblong 
and  lance-shaped  in  outline,  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch  long  and  one 
fourth  as  broad.     On  each  of  the  flat  faces  there  are  5  or  6  ridges  length- 
wise, which  are  finely  roughened.     At  the  apex  is  a  slender,    thread-like 
beak,  nearly  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  akene,  bearing  a  tuft  of  fine  white 
hairs  about  as  long  as  itself  (fig.  10  c).     In  the  fruiting  stage  the  tufts  of  the 
10  to  5  seeds  which  grow  in  one  head  spread  out  so  as  to  form  a  white, 
•  gauzy  ball  of  down,  like  that  of  the  dandelion,  but  smaller  and  less  dense. 
A  single  average  ^  lant  has  been  estimated  to  bear  more  than  8,000  seeds. 
The  leaves  are  oblong  and  without  stalk,  the  blade  clasping  the  main  stem 
by  a  base  with  two  ears.     They  are  prickly  along  the  wavy  margins  and 
along  the  midrib  on  the  back  (fig.  10  h).     The  principal  leaves  on  the  stem 
have  the  unusual  habit  of  twisting  so  that  the  upper  part  of  the  blade  be- 
comes vertical.     They  also  point  north  and  south  ;  hence  the  name  Com- 
pass Plant.     The  white,  milky  juice  has  suggested  the  name  Milk  Thistle. 
Both  of  these  names  are  incorrectly  used  in  thi&  connection  as  they  are 
properly  applied  to  very  different  plants. 

"  Unlike  most  annual  weeds,  the  Prickly  Lettuce  is  very  troublesome 
in  meadows  and  permanent  pastures.  Clover  intended  for  a  seed  crop  is 
often  entirely  ruined.  Oats  and  other  spring  grain  crops  suflfer  more  or 
less  damage. 


Great  Raoweed.      Hooweed  [Ambronia  trifida,  L) 


Annual.  This  is  a  stout  coarse  weed,  much  branched,  and  from  3  to 
5  feet  in  height.  It  is  found  commonly  in  heavy  soil,  and  is  very  abun- 
dant in  grain  fields  and  waste  places  in  many  parts  of  the  Province. 

The  plant  is  rough,  hairy,  with  large  opposite,  deeply  three-lobed 
leaves.      Fig,  W  a. 

The  flowers  are  of  two  kinds,  growing  on  different  parts  of  the  plant. 
The  sterile  or  male  flowers  are  produced  in  tapering  spikes  about  four 
inches  in  length,  and  are  green  above,  and  a  dull  yellow  beneath.  The 
fertile  or  female  flowers  grow  from  one  to  three  together  at  the  bases  of  tlie 
spikes  and  leaves,  close  to  the  stem.  As  they  are  of  a  greenish  color  and 
inconspicuous  they  are  not  often  noticed.  They  each  produce  a  tapering 
seed  from  \  in.  to  |  in.  in  length,  with  curious  horn-like  projections  at  the 

Thev  ripen  in  September  and  October, 


broad  tnd,  (fig.  11  b.) 


20 


Owin^  to  Its  coarse  growth  thia  weed  Is  a  ^reat  nuisance  chokh,.^  «nrf. 
starving  the  crops;  and  adding  greatly  to  the  labor  of  harvSting 


Still  greater  mischief  is  caused  by  the  seede,  which 


cannot  be  cleaned  i 


(iS-RAT  "kAaWE^.D  {A7nhrosia  Mfida,     L)    Fig  11. 

out  of  grain,  and  are  such  a  rnu^sn.  e  to  millers  that  wheat  or  oats'eontain- 
ing  any  large  proportion  of  the>;e  seeds,  are  unsaleable. 

The  same  remark  applies  to  the  seed  of  the  following  plant. 


21 


Roman  Wormwooo  or  BrrrEU-WEED  (Ambrosia  artemisi  folia,  L). 

This  plant  belongs  to  the  same  fpmily  aa  the  preceding.  It  is  how- 
ever less  coarse  and  robust,  and  grows  only  to  the  height  of  1  to  3  feet 
The  flowers  are  of  two  kinds,  as  in  the  preceding  plant ;  the  sterile  in  long 
spikes  of  small  green  and  yellow  clusters,  and  the  fertile  generally  at  the 
base  of  the  leaves.  The  seeds  are  ma^h  like  the  one  shown  in  figure  116; 
but  are  somewhat  smaller  than  those  of  the  great  Ragweed.  The  loaves 
are  cut  into  somewhat  fine  divisions,  rather  like  those  of  Wormwood. 
Hence  its  common  name. 

The  remedy  for  it,  as  for  others  of  its  class,  is  clean  cultivation  and 
iheavy  cropping. 


\-\ 


MARSH  ELDER    Fig.  12. 

Mahsh  Elder  {Iva  xantkii/olia,  Nutt). 
Annual.     This  is  a    well-known    weed,  comtQon  everywh^jre. 


It  a  a 


)l 


f 


coarse,  rough  plant,  from  three  to  six  feet  in  height.     The  leaves  are  mo^f 
ly  opposite,  ovate  or  heart-shaped,  somewhat  downy  and   the  mar3n?«t 

tTeClfheadtf ''"""l^^^^-  ^^-^--^^^  are  ^^e'enlsh-whS  coir 
end.  n?  h!  h  fo'-ming  spikes  or  clusters  arranged  loosely  on  the  sides  or 
ends  ot  the  branches.     As  in  Gn  it  Ragweed  they  are  of  two  kinds   bat  Z 

T.ltT  ^'T  ^  "'"  '"'^^  ^«^d^-  The  plant  flowers  la  eTn  summer  anS 
the  seeds,  which  are  somewhat  pear-shaped,  fig.  12  b  are  prodS  Ik  fht 

Tt^f  ''''  T""  ''''^''  '"^P^"'"^  *"  Septembe^'  and  be  ober  It  fs  found 
n  fields,   gardens,    wastes  and   farm    yards,  and  from  its   he  iht  and 

m  fnTtbo7''o;  b""'"?-  '"J'T  ''  ""  «^°P^'-"^  adds   mSTto  the 
prrve^nrn'jftZr^'^"^'-     ' '  "'^^'"  ''  ^^^^^^^^y^'^^^^^^^^ 


Canada  Thistle  (Cnicm  anuo).n>i.  Ifofm}. 

it  griwsrl' hei  Jh?o7TlnP??'.''  '".'r -r  "'  '^'  '^^^"'•^  ''  ^^'^  thistles, 
i'h^i„!;^  ^      ^^  ^  **^  '^  ^^^*-      The  leaves  are  long-  and  narrow 

t\.^  1  ^f  ^''^."°u'  '"'^'S^*^*  b^^*  ^^«  ^"dented  a  third  to  a  hllf  way  [nTo 
the  midrib;  and  the  lobes  thus  formed  are  turned  down  at  the   Di?nts 

I'r,^  'V^^^  ^  """^P^**  appearance.     The  under  surface  oVthe  fea?  fs 
wooll  ^  ,  the  upper  surface  is  usually  smoother,  but  is  not  always  withou 

JnH  nn  r°^  '^-  '^'"'  '""•  ^'^''^'^'''^  ««'^"'-  al«"ff  the  edges  of  the  leaves 
and  on  the  main  stem.  The  flower  is  about  \  or  J  of  an  inch  across  ^hP 
top  and  is  perhaps  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  "it  is^of  a  rurpUsh  coo  and 
'If^^l^' ^0^^^^  ot  other  thistles  except  f hat  it  is  smaller  and  Joes  no^ 
Fonf  H ■*  f "  P'TP  1""  appearance.  When  the  seed  is  ripe  it  can  he  carr  ed 
Jong  distance  by  the  wind  on  account  of  the  down  attached  to  it 

'The  Canada  Thistle  also  spreads  from  the  root.     It  sends  roors(n,.k« 
ong  distances,  horizontally,  under  the  surface  and  fron    theL   th^Son 
?  we:3  "'nZI''""^  fresh  plants.      T.e  thistle  Z  one'of'  hTfoS 
IhSinJ^  t^^^-;;.:!^^^^  -  it  re^. 

S^^-a^sH^Sc^^S^^^^^ 

HeueNNIAL  .Sfi\VTmsTI,E  (.SV)»r/;;/.sr*r,v,rw^s,  Z» 

i«or'^''u  e^'cee^l'iffly  troublesome  pest,  was  first  noticed  in  Manitoba  in 
1895,  when  a  vigorous  plant  of  it  was  found  at  C.rtwright.     Fm^  effor 
7Zr'^\T  ^'''''' ''  destroyed,  but  reports  now  show  that     he  pUf 
found  ,n  other  parts  of  the  province.     It  is  illustrated  in  Kig.    VI 

It  is  a  perennial,  with  strong  long  rootstocks,  which  send  ud  ru.,k 
coarse  stems  with  deeply-c.t,  spiny  loothed  lea;es,  daspir^  them  ht 
their  bases.  The  flower  stalks  apri  in«ror  mrf  of  rhk  «  -. .  i,  ^  ^ 
bristly,  making  it  a  very  disagreeabIe"plant'o  hrildle  "'    '"'"'  ^"'*^ 


i 


The  flowers  are  in  large  heads,  bright  yellow,  and  produce  quantities- 
of  downy  seed,  which  like  that  of  the  thistle,  is  carried  about  by  the  wind. 
As  the  plant  grows  faster  tb  a\  the  young  grain,  it  should  be  carefully 
looked  lor  early  in  the  seaso  ,  and  by  thoroughly  clearing  out  both  plant 
and  rootstock,  every  effort  should  be  made  to  eradicate  it.  Thi* 
is  a  very  serious  pest  when  once  it  gains  a  foot  hold.  Its  coarse 
rank  lower  leaves  choke  out  the  life  from  seedlings  around  it,  and  draw 
immense  quantities  of  water  from  the  soil,  it  produces  seeds  in  great  pro- 
fusion which  not  only  cause  it  to  spread  with  great  rapidity,  but  become, 
it  is  said,  a  great  nuisance  to  threshers,  who  are  obliged  to  wear  veils  to 
protect  theh-  eyes  from  panicles  of  the  floating  down. 

Common  Sowi'histlk  (Sonchv-'i  oleraceuc,  L.) 

This  plant  and  the  Spiny-leaved  Sowthistle  {Sonrhm  asper)  are 
annuals,  instead  of  perennials,  and  less  difficult  to  control  than  the  pre 
ceding.  They  are,  however,  sutflciently  troublesome  and  should  be  kept 
in  check.  They  are  not  so  large  and  coar.-e  as  the  above,  have  pale 
yellow  flowers,  and  are  very  common  in  gardens  as  well  as  fields  They 
difi'er  from  each  other  principally  in  their  leaves,  those  of  the  last  named 
being  less  divided  and  more  spiny-toothed  than  those  of  the  former  plant, 
Sonehufi  oleraceus. 


Hkaiuie  Thistle  {Vnieii.-*  uitdnlatus,  Gray). 

This  handsome  native  thistle  scarcely  needs  any  description.  its 
white  woolly  leaves  and  sterna,  and  pale  purple  heads  of  Bowers  make  it 
a  conspicuous  object  on  the  prairie.  It  is  another  example  of  a  native 
plant  becoming  d  nuisance  in  gardens  and  fields,  where  having  all  the 
advantages  of  a  cultivated  soil,  it  grows  with  wonderful  vigor  and 
persistency.  Under  these  condition?,  as  a  biennial,  it  sends  out  far- 
reaching  rootstocks  which  send  up  new  plants  at  intervals,  thus  enabling 
it  to  spread  more  rapidly.  On  neglected  farms  it  is  likely  to  prove  very 
troublesome. 

Whitk  Weed,  Ox-Eve  Da  isv,  (  JA rifsa  nthem  tun  Leucantlieiuum ,  L. ) 

The  Ox-Kye  Daisy  is  a  vsell  known  pest  in  parts  of  Ontario- 
and  southward,  where'  whole  farms  are  seriously  injured  by  it.  It 
was  mentioned  in  oar  list,  in  the  Bulletin  of  I  .st  year,  as  having 
been  found  in  Manitoba,  but  special  attention  was  not  drawn  to 
it,  as  there  was  some  hope  that  it  might  not  be  very  widespread.  Now, 
however,  we  find  it  ha^  appeared  in  Western  Manitoba,  near  Melita,  and 
at  other  points.  The  plant  is  almost  too  well  known  to  need  description. 
It  has  finely-cut  leaves,  rather  pale  green  in  color,  and  handsome  white- 
rayed  flowers  with  a  golden  eye  IHce  a  large  daisy.  It  produces  abund 
an'ce  of  seed.  It  is  a  perennial  and  can  best  be  exterminated  by  pulling. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  it  will  not  be  allowed  to  obtain  a  foothold  in  this  country, 
and  no  considerations  of  beauty  should  be  allowed  to  interfere  with  its 
destruction  whenever  it  appears.  Wherever  it  has  been  neglected  it  has 
become  a  moat  pertii  -ious  pest  in  fields,  pastures  and  meadows  alike,  as  it 
:^  p..fvr,,^/».j f f.,1  iiy  o.reeMin"  rootstocks  as  well  as  by  seed.  The  remedy  for 
it  is  mowing  inVastures,  etc.,  and  palling  or  hoeing  among  crops. 


24 


Kireweed-Canada  Flea-iune,  (Erigeron  Canadensis,  Linn.) 

lon^lLTJ'^fl  ^'^''  ^""^  '^''"''*''  ^'""^  ^  ^"^  *  ^'-  h'^h,  with  leaves  1  to  3  in. 
long  and  the  flowers  hi   numerous  small  whitish  heads  about  one-sixth 


cow  HIOHB.     Fig.  14.     {SajmuuHavaccaia,  L.) 
inch  long.     These   produce   numerous   seeds    each  wifh   n    fnf^   -.♦  .n 

T!.Au  ."^^'  ^'*'  ^■'Py'iially  ou  such  as  are  wet.    It  is  verv  commnn 

Trts  la  "Tu'' T,"'   "'^"^*^'"'    "«"'^-     ''  -- very  aLiXf   n  some 
Kauho'^end.       '"  "'''''  ^'"'^'"^"^  '''  '''  '^-^'''^etion  is  given  in  the 


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1  to  3  in. 
ine-sixth 


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in  the 


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25 
False  Tansy.  {Artemisia  hieTinis,  Willdenow.) 

As  the    proper   name   implies  it   is   a  .^'«""Jj'>/"t,  '^^"^e  ected  over 
<)la8s  it  requires  to  be  carefully  watched  in  the  f^:,.\';^^/'''^„d  every 
toppine  the  crop,  as  is  often  the  case,  it  must  be  pulled  by  *\a"«'  f  "^  ^^l^ 
S  made  to  g^t  rid  of  it.  as  its  strong  coarse  f-wth  renders  it   verj  in- 
iurious  to  crops.     It  is  also  a  great  nuisance  in  harvesting. 

Cow  Heub  {Sajxmaria  Vaccaria,  L). 

Illustrated    in    Fig.  U.     Ar.  annual,  about  2   ft.  high  with  smooth 
.eavi"arsfms,"the  iftter  somewhat  s.oUen  at  the  points  and  the  whol 
plant  of  a  light  green  color.     1-^lowers  pink,  the  ca  Ix  «';^cup  having  . 
angles,  the  petals  are  5,  the  outer  edges  irregularly  cut.      The  ««<^««  ^«° 
Sed  iu  a  roundish  capsule  or  pod,  are  black  and  round^     /*/"ekle 
about  the  end  of  June.     It  is  of  much   the  «.;««  nature  as  the  cocWe 
and  has  of  late  earned  a  bad  reputation  for  itself.      Last  >  ear  it  was 
particularly  bad  in  parts  of  Southern  Manitoba,  where  it  could  be  traced 
by  its  flowers  through  whole  fields  of  grain. 

The  remedy  is  to  pull  whenever  possible,  and  treat  as  other  annuals. 

Sticky  Cocki-e  (&Hene  noctifiora,  J.ivn) 

This  is  a  plant  not  unlike  Common  Cockle  ^^  S^'l^l^^^y^^^^^ZT^nTl 
^ith  somewhat  heavier  foliage,  which  is  ««v«red-ith  hairs  secre^^^^^^^^ 

sticky  fluid,  making  it  disagreeable  to  handle.      The  Ao^^^'^^  J^^j^f, 
white  and  opens  only  at  night  or  on  dark  days.      It  ^«  ^"  f ""  .  gtates  it 
rather  a  weedy  plant  than  a  weed  with  us,  though  in  ^^e  Umted  btates 
is  listed  as  a  bad  weed.     It  is  injurious  to  gram  crops  and  gardens. 

Chi<;kweei)  {Stellarut  media.  TAvv.) 
Annual.     A  soft  tender  plant  from  a  few  inches  t«'^"«  f««' ^igh  with 

.  opposite  leaves  about  .V  in.  long  The  flowers,  ^i^^^'"' ^^  'nnn.i ish^nS? 
in  twos  or  threes  from' the  bases  of  the  leaves,  and  P''"^'^^^^^""'^'^  P?f' 
full  of  very  fine  seeds.  These  pods  when  green  are,  in  Engaiid,  eaten 
greedily  by  birds— whence  no  doublt  the  name  Chickweed.  V^  ith  us  ttic 
only  birds  noticed  eatmg  it  were  pigeons. 

The  immense  number  of  seeds  enables  the  plant  to  .'•eprotl^ce  itself 
m  great  profusion,  and  it  forms  a  thick  tangled  mass  ^'"^'^;  «««"  f^l^ 
the  life  out  of  most  other  plants  about  it.  It  grows  sP^'Cially  well  ii  wet 
soils,  or  in  rainy  seasons,  and  there  are  instances  ''^f^'"'^''^  ,«^.\  ^;'":^ 
quit;  destroyed  gardens  under  such  cond  t  ons.  The  ^'^^^^  ^^J"^"^.  ^j^ 
iost  parts  of  the  province,  and  will  probably  become  «s  ^^'^''^^\^'l'^ 
in  Eagland.  it  will  most  likely  prove  most  V^'^^^'n^n  oondUions  U 
where  it  will  require  vigorous  treatment,  but  under  certain  conditions  it 
7«nav  become  a  nuisance  on  the  farm. 


f 


ij 


Carraway  {Carmu  Carui.    Linn.) 

This  plant  is  the  garden  Carraway  perhaps  introduced  by  early- 
settlers  for  the  sake  of  its  seeds,  and  escaped  from  ultivation.  It  has  now- 
become  a  pest  in  ceitain  parts  of  the  province,  notai'Iy  in  the  old  Red 
River  parishes.  It  has  a  bad  record  in  .he  United  States,  where  it  is  a 
nuisance  in  both  pastures,  meadows  and  grain  fields.  Here  it  is  as  yet 
confined  to  pastures,  yaids  and  ,?ardens,  where  it  is  an  unsightly  weed,  as 
well  as  destructive  to  other  plants.  It  is  a  biennial  with  a  ioiig  whitish 
taproot,  much  like  the  parsnip,  to  which  it  is  nearly  related.  It  bears  a 
large  flat  head  or  umbel  of  pure  white  flowers.  Tli'e  leaves  are  thin  and 
«nely  cut,  somewhat  resembling  those  of  the  carrot.  The  seeds  which  are 
very  numerous,  are  of  course  the  same  as  those  sold  for  cooking  pur- 
poses. 

It  must  be  dealt  with  as  directed  under  biennials. 
(ioLUEN  (,V»RYDALIS,  OR  FuMiToiiY  (Cori/ddUs  (w,rea,  Willd.) 

This  is  another  example  of  a  native  plant  under  certain  conditions 
becoming  a  weed.  During  the  past  year,  favored  no  doubt  by  the  wet 
season  the  Golden  Fumitory  made  such  a  rank  growth  that  it  worked 
injury  to  crops.  This  was  the  case  for  instance  at  Neepawa,  from  which 
point  specimens  were  sent  in  for  identification  by  Mr.  G.  Greig,  of  the 
Farmers'  Advocate.  It  is  a  low  growing  biennial  plant,  of  not  more  than 
one  foot  high,  with  soft  stems,  finely  divided  leaves,  and  golden  yellow 
flowers,  1  in.  long,  with  a  spur  at  the  back.  The  seeds  are  contained  in 
pods  about  J  in.  long.  The  flowers  are  sometimes  called  Cotcdips,  which 
they  do  not  resemble  much,  except  in  color. 

Careful  summer  fallowing  should  keep  this  plant  from  becoming  a 
serious  nuisance. 


Wild  Rose  (RoHd  bill, )(/,(,  \\t). 

There  are  several  varieties  of  Wild  Rose  in  the  Province,  which  are 
not  readily  distinguished,  but  for  the  purposes  of  this  work  it  is  hufticient 
to  say  there  are  two  kinds.  One  growing  in  woods  and  thickets  is  tall  and 
stout,  and  the  other  is  dwarf  in  habit,  less  robust  in  growth,  and  is  found 
on  the  open  prairie.  The  latter  is  the  one  to  which  we  wish  to  call  par- 
ticular attention,  as  already  a  nuisance  in  fields  in  the  drier  parts  ot  the 
Province. 


It  quickly  takes  possession  of  neglected  fields,  and,  once  there,  is  very 
difficult  to   eradicate.      Its   underground   root-stalks   spread  rapidly  and 
throw  up  numerous  shoots.     They  are  often  dragged  abuur,  and  covered  io 
roughly  cultivated  fields.     Care  sl.ould  be  taken  to  collect  and  bui^n  roots, 
whenever  possible. 


•27 


Silver  Weed  (PotentiUa  Ansevina,  Linn). 

root  like  those  ot  tne  atrawoeny.   i"j>  y         f.^,,{^  :„  whioh  it  does  harm 
loose  pastures  in  search  of  them. 

W,LD  BUCKWHEAT.  OR  Black  Bind  Wked  (Polygov  .w  C^mvolvuk^, 

Thi.  is  a  trailmg  annrntl  weed  with  fj""*"'*'-.'"*'^':    ^'^'''.""S 
,s  solmal.  as  .0  be  ""ardly  noticeable  but  is  o    a  p>„k,b^^^^^^^    TJe  se  ds 

are  triangular,  black  w.th  a  l'«"  J'""  f,  lerv  dlMt  to  clean  out  of 
buckwheat.  The  seed  bems  a  good  ''^1^  '  'f /^^"^"s  ^ehes  from  the 
TuSe.  a°„"dr  ".r'brJS  ln^'s^;=  *::  so.e  smaller  seeds. 

Bind  Weed  (or  Wild  Morning  «'-y)   ""trTaTc'rargT  whiror 
wheat,  but  the  leaf  Is  more  pointed  and  the  fl°"»^»  »f  J'^^;  "  „„„, 

fira^ror'klnrsoii!  IS'li  dol  Sa  cons'ldSle-'depth.^ 

Russian  Thisti,k  (Sahola  Kali  var  tragus,  L.) 

laar  fh^  nrno-resa  of  this  weed  has  been  carefully 

„a.ci:rvrisz»^^^ 

habits.  The  facts  observed,  and  f^e  «^"«1"^;"„^^  JJ  ^"^  da  a  has  been 
main  those  set  forth  in  the  >^f  .  ^^^^^^"^  "^  ^amaU^  and  as  to  the 

gathered  .s  to  the  «^;«"^^^«7J;^^^^^^  'SpLntis^an  annual,  at  first 

conditions  which  are  favorable  to  f^^P'^f "  .  ^  leaves,  as  shown  in  fig. 
quite  soft  and  tender,  with  '•«'^"\.fj"";  P^^.her  slovvly  thr  ugh  Junl 
15  a.  It  appears  about  the  end  of  May  ^  "^/f^^^^^/^h^^^J  become  sharp 
by  the  end  of  which  month,  the  points  of  ^\®  '^^J^^Verence  from  "  Sea- 
hard  spines.     This  latter  feature  >«  J  «ure  mark  of  dlff^^en  e  fiom    ^^^^^^ 

blite,-'  mentioned  below.     As  the  P'*"^«  7^,^',",„r^,7the    whole  plant 

at  the  bases   of  the  l^^^^-.^J^'^^.ifJe/stra    ingle  branch  at' this 

becomes  a  dense  mass  of  ^I'^'f-Jf.lnToi^n  inch  across,  and  are 
stage.      The  Cowers  are  about  one  quai tei  of^an  incn  ^^^  ^^^^ 

almost  hidden  at  the  bases  of  the  ^aves.      ine  J^^.^^  ^^^. 

-Ir^^T'^^n^Uke^^^^^  -  facilitate  the  move- 

ment  of  the  seeds  by  the  wind. 


28 


The  first  sharp  frost  kills  the  plant,  and  as  soon  as  it  becomee 
■thoroughly  dry,  it  may  be  broken  off  by  the  wind  and  sent  rolling  over 
the  land,  scattering  seed  as  it  goes.     The  seeds  are  round,  tapering,  and 
with  a  *iat  face,  about  1-16  in.  in  diameter.     Fig.  15  6. 


ordinari 
on  accou 

1.  '. 
to  be  ti 
special  \ 


RUSSIAN  THISTLE  [Sulwla  Kali  var  /rayuf,  L.)    Fig. 
(a)  Young  Plant  {b)  Seed. 


15 


I 


The  harsh  spiny  character  of  the  mature  plant  is  so  marked  that  it 
tjaunot  be  mistaken  by  anyone,  with  the  above  description  before  him. 
It  is  this  feature  which  makes  it  worse  than  even  thistles,  to  those  who 
have  to  handle  crops  in  which  it  has  been  abundant.  The  rigid  spines 
will  pierce  leathern  mitts,  and  severely  wound  the  legs  of  horses.  This 
fact    has  earned  for  it  its  common  name.     It  is  not,  however,  a  thistle  a 


j^ 


aai 
iti 


•2}» 

o^inadly  ooder.«od.     The  fo,,o«l„g  facU  »ee»  wo«hy  of  ,p=«ia,  oo.c<, 
T^uL  of  their  practical  value : 

'•  '^^»r'"  rrre'c.rorrr^rrSS.t^nV:irr°i- 

rpTar^^S™  h^-p^^d  ^'r  pr"Utlon  of  seeding. 


-JS' 


-^'.A. 


RUSSIAN  THISTLE.    Fig.  Ki.     Mature  plant. 


it  bas  provuu  vu  be  on  1%"-  


n 


30 

3.  It  is  not  specially  dangerous  to  early  crops,  except  in  so  far  as  it 
robs  the  soil  of  moisture,  or  chokes  the  younger  growth. 

4.  It  is,  however,  a  serious  menace  to  late  crops,  and  to  any  sown  on 
stubble.  The  first  sharp  frost  kills  the  plane  but  the  mischief  has  already 
been  done,  as  the  seed  is  generally  ripe  by  the  time  the  plant  dries  up. 

5.  With  a  fair  amount  of  attention  to  proper  cultivation  and  a  strict 
observance  of  the  "Noxious  Weeds  Act,"  there  is  no  reason  why  Russian 
Thistle  should  not  be  kept  in  check  as  well  as  any  other  annual. 

6.  The  seeds  do  not  appear  to  affect  the  market  value  of  grain,  as 
they  are  evidently  faiily  well  cleaned  out  in  threshing. 

7    In  cases  where  the  weed  has  grown  among  early  crops,  it  will  con 
tinue  to  grow  efter  harvest,  throwing  out  branches  from  what  remains  of 
the  stem,  and  may  flower  and  ripen  seed  later  in  the  season.      Therefore 
whenever  its   presence  is  known  the  stubble  of  early  crops  should   be 
ploughed  as  soon  after  harvest  as  possible 

8.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  Sea  Elite  (Suceia  depressa)  in  its 
earlier  stages  by  having  sharp  pointed  leaves  whieh  the  latter  has  not.  It 
is  also  a  deeper  green  in  color. 


'  Weeds  and 


(Russian  Pigwked  Axyris  Atnaranthoideis,  L). 

This  new  immigrant  has  been  already  referred  to  under 
their  origin."     See  fig.  17. 

It  is  a  plant  closely  allied  to  Lamb's  (Quarters,   and  the  Amaranthun 

-or  Pigweed     From  the  latter  it  gets  its  second  technical  name  which  means 

like  the  Amaranth.     In  its  young  state  the  plant  is  very  much  like  Lamb's 

Ouarters,  (  Chenopodium  album)  but  is  somewhat  velvety  to  the  touch.  As 

it  matures  it  becomes  smooth  and  bald,  from  which  fact  it  perhaps  gets  its 

first  name. 

It  Ins  inconspicuous,  tiny,  greenish  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  leaves 
many  being  separate  male  or  female.     The  latter  remain  as  a  covermg  to 
the  seeds,  contained  in  a  roundish  somewhat  flattened  fruit  which  often 
continues  attached  to  the  plant  until  spring. 

The  seeds  are  dark  brown  and  shaped  like  very  small  flax  seed.  This 
plant  (which  is  an  annual)  attains  an  height  of  three  or  four  feet,  and  is 
profusely  branched  from  near  the  ground.  It  is  very  tough  and  hard, 
and  remains  through  the  winter,  often  forming  thick  tangled  masses, 
through  which  it  is  diflicult  to  walk. 

It  seems  to  flourish  everywhere,  but  is  specially  fond  of  barnyards  and 
roadsides. 

As  before  stated  it  has  probably  come  to  us  direct  from  Russia.  It  has 
already  got  a  firm  footing  in  North  and  Kouth  Winnipeg,  and  has  been 
noticed  as  far  west  as  Westbourne. 

There  is  some  evidence  that  it  kills  out  Lamb's  Quarters,  but  the  vig- 
our which  enables  it  to  do  that,  is  no  recommendation  from  the  farmer's 
point  of  view.     It  should  be  regarded  as  a  very  dangerous  weed. 


mmm 


Covcu  GuAss,  OK  (,^U.CK  ORASs  iA.jropyvum.  revens.  Lrrrn) 

This  .  a  perennial  ,^,  -^f^:^^::^^::^^  ^  ^^U^^^" 
^lucb  it  spread,  very  rapidly    J^^ere  are  t    «  ^    ^  ^    ^^^ 

Si;:.rV^''Ti::S:ferr^e;n^^^^^ 

The  root.oe.s  do  not  penetrate  ^^r  into  the  sdl  -  tl.^  deep  plowjng 
is  not  at  all  l.keiy  to  ^-f^-'l^^:^,^'':^^^^  Constant 

planted  d.eper  ''^•■'■"/^;;';:  f^^'^'^dest^roT  t  in  cnc  season  on  li^ht  soils, 
hoeing  ha.  been  found  ^^'^^'^^'^"^J^^^^^^^^^^^^  recommended   at   Farmers' 

Mr.    Fletcher  says,     'A  P'^'^^"/^^,;/^  "fj  j'^^ve  never  tried  it  would  to 
Institute  is  the  followino:,  which  although  i  nave  u«v 

my  mind  certainly  succeed  :  - 

„  p,o„  ,i.h,ly  a.o„t  four  ^^^Z^'X^'l^Ti^^^T^'Z^^ 
ZZ.  a»'"i:":  ,tt  :Z^^Z:  .,L  ..  sa.e  crop  an.  p.ow 
ut"      KoHow  the  next  year  with  p.  hoed  ercp. 

^Vhlle  inlow  heavy  land  this  (!.■»'.  is  undoubtedly  trouble,  me,  it  .» 
.Uo  iSly  lo  pr^ve  a  /aluable  fodder  grass  in  the  West 

Wild  Oats  {Ave no,  fatua,  L.) 

1  nincPiv  related  to  the  cultivated  variety,  which  it  very 

An  annual,  closely  reiatea  lo  i u  straefflinff  and  the  leaves 

much  resembles,  only  that  the  P^^jf  ^Va^^^Tlatt^^^^^^  seed  has  thick 

ra^or  ^rmre^i^s^'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^  -  ^-  ^-^ 

many  years  without  germinating. 


Weed  Seeds  and  the  Milling  Industry. 

A  question  worth  the  serious  cons^e-tion  o^,^^^^^^^^^  is  the  en.e.  of  «. 
presene'e  of  »eed  seeds,  3"  ^^^^^^.''^^'jtop thv'^of  investigation  by  the 
rXCt'''' Tiri'^  S'sUrJnTon.  »u'  --  results  of  the  enqutr, 
li?;  he  stated  now,  pending  a  full  report. 

1        fhorp  i<»  trreat  need  of  education  as  to  the 

lOirst.  I^.  seems  ^^'if^^'f^l^^^..^^^^^^^^       as  are  found  in  grain, 
character  and  appearance  ot  tbe  seeds  ot  sue  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^^^^ 

Very  few  farmers,  and  even  grain  ™^":f  "7^,1,^,1^,^  that  in   one  case,  a 

ous  seeds.     We  are   ^"^7"^^  .?"  ^^  ^^^^^^^^^ 

farmer  (sic)  actual  y  ^^^^  to  sell  .quantity  ot«e  ^^^^^  .^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^ 

it  was  a  marketable  product^  Jei^e  Informed  was  offered  in  good  faith 
r^eX^in^r  «iranTxtreU"c:se  of  course,  hut  there  is  great 


;i2 
„eed  Of  more  genera,  inforn,aM„„  on  this  ,abjec.^>erj  man  .h».^ 

grain  a.  all  .hoald  ^""^  ^XtT/JZluT^^tr  exhiW.ion  and 
the  Department  proposes  to  form  a  coueiuuu 
examination  by  interested  persons. 

second.  Examination  of -mples  of  grai^^^^^^^^^ 
oas  mills  and  elevators  reveals  a  bad  state  of  affair,  in  rc^P 
Unprincipled  or  careless  threshers  are  «1  o^^"  Vh-fof  courTe,  swells  the 
which  oaeht  to  be  screened  out  quite  easily.      -His  ot  cou      , 
rhreshin/bill.  and  is  another  leak  in  the  farmers  prohts. 

Oirty  .rain  ^^f^^^::^:^Z:i^S^^:'^^^^ 

port  to  market  and  of  cleaning  ?«''!''' P«^,^^,,^^""'f"meS8hSuid   nsist  upon 
X^^^^^'lJ^i:^  -rrreTd  SX  work  well  done. 

Third,  investigation  shows  that  the  worst  seed  }\l2V"LyTt 
null,  is  that  of  the  Ragweed.     Any -net^^^^^^^  ,te 

much  the  size  of  wheat,  and  *b°"f.^^^;,^^^  wl  ich  is  furnished 

same  length,  but  the  worst  IS  tha  of  Great  Kag^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^ 

with  several  horns  at  the  top  which  catch  mt^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^H 

and  can  scarcely  be  '^V^'^'^^' J^^^'^Znl  contain  ng  any  (,nantity  of 
informed  buyer  will  P'^-'f '^^^J^^^^^f  O^Juvie  Co  aid  Mr.  Stephen  Nairn 
Sui^'g^ettira'bo^^^^^^^^     Sani  Sf.V.her  reports  the  same  of  the 

Lake  of  the  Woods  Co.  r,      u,   a 

sample,  of  eleaninK.  ob«,ned  '■-».*»  '^,^:;'t„edLnf  .te^^InUs 
Nairn,  and  Body  &  Noakes  ba^^t^^^Xo^ree^n^vTe  Vr"icular  lot  of 
^;:if7rm^rMJr>:'ap"^e';^ro\l^!;«*e\U^^^^^^ 

instructive.  . 

The  absence  of  Ragweed  is  explained  by  the  fact  stated  .bove.  Grain 
containing  it  is  not  saleable. 

The  weeds  contained  in  each  sample  are  given  in  the  order  m  which 
they  predominate. 

1.  O^ilvie  Co..  from  wheat  the  following:  Buckwheat,  Pigweea,, 
T.amb'3  Quarter. 

2  Mr  S  Nairn,  from  oats  :  Mustard,  Pepper  Grass,  Pigweed,  Buck 
wheat.  Lamb's  Quarter,  Ragweed  (a  few). 

:^.  Body  &  Noakes,  from  flax  :  Buckwheat,  Mustard,  (pvobablv  Hares 
Fiar,)  and  Lamb's  Quarter. 

The  above  fact,  are  very  ™»'^™'y\,r?  ',tir;Cr.r,":»"gM 

-rr^ir.?iT?:rL"rbi:r'L;^;r,'ira.Tin  .e  farmir, 

profits. 


\ 


38 


NOXIOUS^EEDS. 

muie^     of     Muinclp,il    Ckvks,     I'atlnmi.^trrs,     Ortrscers,     and      the 

(ri'iierdl.    Pahlic. 


AN   ACT  TO   PRKVBKT  THE   SI-ItE.\l>  OK   NOXIOUS   WEKUS,    AS    CONTAINEO     IN    REVISItB 
STATUTES  OF    MAMTOHA,    WITH    AMENDMENTS. 
UERMAJEsrY,h.va.,lwithtl.ea.lvic..-tn,l<oM.untof  tlu-  WislatiM'  .\H.en.l,ly  of  Manitoba,  enwt.  a» 
f»llow8  : 

1.  This  Act  iinv  be  citcii  as  "The  Noxious  Weeds  Act"     • 

2.  Ill  this  Act,  unless  the  context  otht  rwise  re<|uire8,- 

(a)  Tlie  c  q.re.,ion  "  noxious  wee.W  indn.les  wild  musturJ,  wild  oats.  Canada  thistle.  French  weed  and 
Russian  n^ltle.,  and  all  other  noxious  weed,  to  uhich  this  Act  inav  he  eUended  l,v  hylaw  of  an,  inunioipalltT 
as  h  rcinafter  provided. 

3.  The  couMdl  of  anv  municipality  may  l,y  hy-lu.  estcd  the  oiu-ralions  ■•,  this  Ac(  within  such  -nuni- 
cipalif  to  .other  weed  ov.e,dslhich,hey  declare  to  he  noxious  to  hnshandry  in  the  innntcpaUty  ■,  and 
all  .h=  provisionsin  this  Act  .lu.ll  applv  to.ich  noxious  weeds  as  if  the  same  w.re  heren,  emnnerated. 

4.  Evervow.ieror  occupant  of  land  shall  cit  or  cause  to  he  cut  down,  or  otherwise  destroyed,  all 
noxio.s  weeds  .rowing. hereon,  so  of:en  i,   each  and  every  year  as  is  necessary  to  prevent  then,  ,o,n.  to  seed 

.d  if  a  "owner  or  occupant  of  Ian,,  ne.le,.,  to  .-arry  out  ,he  provisions  of  this  sect.on.  he  shall  he  l.able  .o  . 
fine  of  not  less  than  live  dollars  nor  more  than  twentj  ^m  .■  do'.l.rs  for  ..acb  sn,'!.  offence. 

0  It  shall  he  the  d,.tv  of  each  innvi.ipal  ,-ou„cil,  not  later  than  the  tir.st  .lay  of  ...il  in  each  year,  to 
de3i«,lte'l  'iutlon  what  overseers  ol  highways,  pat.uuasters  or  other  olficrs  si.all  se,  to  the  carry.,,,  out 
of  the  pro\1sions  of  the  last  preceedintt  section. 

(5  such  resolution  shall  deline  the  lin.iU  of  the  .livision  within  whid,  such  overseer,  pathina.ter  or 
other  :tti;ishre      e^^e  his  d^  and  such  lin.it  sl,all  he  so  dertned  that  every  port.on  of 

S  mSS  ^1?^  included  within  the  Juris.licfion  o,  at  least  one  -n,-.,  overseer,  path.,.ster  or  other 
oiti  er. 

7     The  clerk  of  the  n,u„icipar„y  shaU  tra„s„,it  a  copy  of  the  resolmion  to  the  Oepavtment  of  A^ricul- 

'  •    ^"'- ' "-'  .  ,  .  '       ,   .„■.„,.  i,«  „iss'iL'e       It  shall  he  ll,e  dnty  of  each  such  overseer,  path- 

tureand  I.-.'^''^- "^  ^  ;;;;;;  r  ^,   ::,   ",r  :" ms  o!\L  AC,  are  carried  ou.  within  the  division  placed 

::::::M:;Sd;S,;  -^i-tH::"!..:.-  ...d  destroy.,   an   ..e   ..oxlons  wee..   ...in.  on    the 

ZiHZ  or  .-oad  allowances  within  the  division  so  placed  under  In.  jurisdn  t,un. 

...    ii  fii  inciiTV  uu'  the  fore"' in«'   provisions  ol    this  .\ct  bv  rfftisin(;   or 

8.    Sho..lda.iyn.nm.,.U^       1^  ;-^^  ^,.,^^^^^  „t  A.r.cultnre   and 

ne,leotu.,.oappo,  t    m      ou  c.^^^^^^^^^^  -otice  be   not  co.nplied 

„.u.,.rat,on  «^'"'' '"f"    ",;"', „,,„  ,,„„.  ,„,.,.„  or  pe,sons  to  fnl.il  the  duties  of  .such  overseers,  path- 
with.wdh.nonen.onthot  '''*''.';•  "^^^^^^  „e,-sons  shall  be  paid  for  snch  sev- 

■::::r;— :;:ur,Som:':h:\"d:::;tbeinu,,i^^^  .t..ou.„,he   appoinf,ne„t  l,ad  been 

made  by  the  council  thereof 

9     in  case  any  overseer  of  bi.hwav..,  pallnna.ter  or  other  otli..er  appoints   by   the  n.unicipal  conneii 
a.    In  case  any  o  e  ,  forthwith  api^oint  some  person  to  art  ,n  his  stead  ;  and  ,n 

10       Everv  sueh  ove.'Seer,  pa,hn.as,er  or  any  other  otlicer  so  appointed  shall  Rive  notice  in  writing  to 
iu.      t\ei\  suiiioxjioci,  f.  .,„.^-,.    ...fVimist-r  Qv  "'lice'-  where  noxious  weeds 

within  five  days  fran.  the  service  of  said  notice. 


S4 


11.     m  case  .uch  owneror  oo.upam,  retu.e  »'■  "^f  ^' ">  'penauJpiwJu'ITn  the'fourth  section  herein. 
.,.h.n  the  period  »'ore,aid.  heBhaU  be  l.b  e  .n  ».Ui   -  >^P.^^  ,_^,  ,^^^.,^,^,^  ,„  „o,npiy  with  the 

be  sued  in  any  action  of  trespass  therefor.  ■.  .w,  be  the  duty 

■^  ,„f  vifiMt  or  uiioccup  ed  lands,  it  uhad  be  tnenuiy 

geotion  of  this  Act 


V  property  is  situated  to  giv« 
1,  .,  Snipr.lity,  requiring  him  to 
,  will.  '■  .'  e  limits  of  the  niuni- 
ll.jfi  A-  n  case  such  station- 

,  ,1     s  from  the  service  of 
wc. .  -lie  owner  of  the  pro- 


=ir=S=~=|S.. „„. 

:~-Vb"t:::s,;;^rr;J'r:=:;::ir«...,..--«. 

tually  carry  out  the  provisions  of  tin    ^et.  the  co^^  =.l  ot  .  ^^^^^^^^   ^^  highways,  path- 

treaBur,:r  of  such  municip.li.y  wUh  funds  ,o  be  1-  '    °"^  °     ^^^^,,,,  „f  ,„„,  overseer  of  hi«hwu-.,  palh- 
^.«ter.  or  other  offl-ersc  ^^'^^^^^'^X'^^^J^^'^^^'^or^^.^r^^^^^^  noxious  weeds  ;  and  evry 

^S::™;:;:r3rr::;'i':;n^:^- -    -  .te  of   .^.s  to  be  p^d  therefor  U  no. 

excessive. 

t.,    nr  ^th.^  officer  so  appointed  shall  keep  an  accurate 
16.     Every  overseer  of  highways,  p.'hn.ast.r,  o     o  h  >   office      o      ,  ^^^^^^^^^  ^^^ 

account  of  the  expenses  incurred  .y  him  '" -™,;' ^  ^^^^^^    ^    ..^  ,1„  therefor,  to  which  expenses 

Srl5r^n;;uSrirtT:rl^::::^-.-  -  ove.eer  of  hi.hwa.s,pathma.er 

or  other  ofllcer  so  appointed,  for  his  services  in  overseeing  the  work. 

.,   .    1.         „  „u  ...ch  sums  as  are  niid  under  the  provisions  of  the  three  last  prece.l- 

therefrom,  as  aforesaid. 

19  Anv  Beraon  who  vends  for  seed  or  feed  purpose,  any  Krain,  grass  or  other  seed,  amons  which  tlyare 
i^anyse'ed  of  noxiou:  :-;eds.  shall  liable  to  a  line  of  no.  less  than  ten  dollars  nor  ,ore  than  one  hundred 
dollars. 

:r,;:::;:c:;L;'r:b:;r:;-r,:i.o.,«,,i..v..^.M».b„,^ 

more  than  oi'e  hundred  dollars. 

21       Every  mnniclpal  clerk,  overseer  of  highway.,  pathmaster  or  other  officer  who  refuses  or  n.gleoU 
il.      K^'^'y  """"";  P  ;  ,,i,„  bv  the  sections  of  this  Act  numlered  from  n.  e  to  seventeen.  In- 

doUaia. 

22.     The  Minister  of  Au'rleulture  and  InnniKra.ion  shall  in  each  year  appoint  one  or  n.ore  persons  as 
luspeoto;  orTuapIotors  of  uoxious  weeds,  whose  duty  U  shaU  be  to  sea  tl.at  every  ovoraoor  of  h.«hwa,..  .^U,- 


\' 


!)6 

„„,  „  ,    :  hmMttr  or  olM.  oKK.t  !'••'>'■  ,,„»«»  o,  olh.r  ,«ml». 

ir:r=-'i.r.--'"---""'"'-'-       ^  „,..„,..,...,..  ,.,.„..»... 

25.      AUpr.e=ution,  under  thi.  Act  may  bo  brou^^^^^^^^^^^ 

26.      Xo  conviction,  warrant  of  con,n,i.no„n  ;;^l';'j:^,^Z'Zv^^^^'^  o.  set  a.ae  ,or  want^. 
.,o.e  or  transacts  in  or  ,  e,ati,nc  to  tb.  e^..-  .     tb.  A^t  .^  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  __  ^^  ^^  ^^,„,^,,,  „  ,,.„,,.,,3 

,  ,rn,.  or  for  any  defect  wn.ch  doe.  "O^'      ''^^    ,^    I,,  ,„y  superior  court. 

b,  certiorari,  or  other  writ  or  proces.  wbatsocve.,  .  ,     ,„ .,.  fu-lher  rule.,  order,  and 

2V.      Tbe  Lieutenant  Governor  in  ^^^"^l^^^^JZ^^^^^'^  P--'-^*  ''''  '''■  t  ^li 

:S:r=;:;--^^^^  ''-'  "'^^^  .e..eforce.de«e.... 

it  liad  been  enacted  bereni.  ^^  ^„thA,ized,  directed  or  em- 

28.     Whenever  any  ln'.-tor.  va...ma,ter.  ^verseer  or  ot.>or  ^.^.  .^^^^  ^^^^_^  ^''^Z^Z 


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